Coming
future generations of communication systems are expected to be built in
Nanotechnology based devices, especially in electronics fields and computer
science. In nonstationary communication systems the application of Nano science
is used to make the dimensions of system confined to a Nano meter scale which
will be in Nano scale range up to 100 nm. Nanotechnology also called as
Molecular Nano Technology (MNT), represents Atomic and molecular based control
of the structure of matter. The result of mobile and core network combined
together operate in the mode of the Nanotechnology as well as high scale in
security and the advance effect on the sensor makes the Nanotechnology the most
implicit and better technology in these areas.
One
issue in Nanotechnology based communication system is availability of new and
new materials on the Nanometer length scale are expected to find an important
role in future issues in the field of communication devices weather mobile,
wireless or wired. In such in devices having ultra-high-speed for long and
short range communication, energy efficient computing devices, high bandwidth
systems, higher density memory, and ultra-fast transfer protocols and
connectivity. Also the use of molecules, instead of electromagnetic or acoustic
waves such as in CNTs, to modulate and transmit the information incepts a new
communication era that will require advanced solution systems such as molecular
transceivers, channel mediums and advanced protocols for Nano networks .
Molecular
transceivers will be easy to accommodate and operate with Nano-devices due to
their small size and methods of working. These transmitters and receivers are
able to read the specific molecules and to emit others as a response after
processing the fed data. Recent advancements in molecular and carbon
electronics have formulated new generation of electronic Nano-components such
as Nano batteries, logical circuitry, Nano-tubes, Nano solid state devices in
the Nanoscale and even Nano-antennas for wireless operations .
This
paper reviews some of the applications of Nanotechnology in communication,
medical engineering and also provides a review future technologies in field of
telecommunication based on Nanotechnology.
ROLE
OF NANOTECHNOLGY
Nano
means very tiny or dimensions of things around 10-9 meters. Nanotechnology
concept first developed around 1959 by Richard Faynman. It includes the
processing, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials at one
atomic or at one molecule range. Fabrication of Nano devices in a scale ranging
from 1 to 100 Nanometers or 10-9 meters. With the invention and utilization of
Carbon Nano Tube material, Nano tech has been realized in vast experiments and
invention of new strong and ultra-fast speed electronic solid state devices.
Nano science field canbe divided into three broad categories viz,
Nanostructures, Nano fabrics and Nano characterization with typical
applications in Nano electronics, biological sciences and energy . There are
several applications of Nanotechnology nowadays one of which is that scientists
can control and manipulate atoms and molecules individually. In contrast to
electrical and electronics fields, a viable applications of Nanotechnology are
in; Communications, Bio-engineering and Medical Electronics With the advent of
Nanotechnology manufacturers are able to produce tiny, super speedy, more energy
efficient, and cheap Integrated Circuit chips using ULSI technology, there are
25,400,000 Nanometers in an inch. Nanorobotics is the current emerging
technological field of creating mechanical versions of human body parts or an
entire robot whose components are almost invisible to naked eye. Nanorobotics
refers to the Nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and building
Nano robots, with devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers and
constructed of Nanoscale or molecular components .
In
communication, though analog or digital, a mobile devices with large degree of
information processing and communication when interacting with other nonliving
environment such as house, office, public place etc., require an intelligent
way to sense, calculate, process and communicate with each other when these
devices are embedded together. Basic level requirements for this kind of mobile
device intelligence is that the devices must be autonomous and robust, can be
deployed easily, and survive without explicit management or care, and the
mobility of these devices also implies limited smaller size and restrictions on
too much power consumption and producing lowest losses at extreme high or low
frequencies. Other requirements for intelligent mobile systems are; Intelligent
interfacing and interacting with other devices and environments, sensing,
context, awareness, and increased data rates which require more memory and
computing power . All these requirements lead to a situation which cannot be
resolved with current existing technologies. Hence we need more sophisticated,
intelligent and less error prone solutions for sensing, actuation, radio,
embedding intelligence into the environment, power efficient computing and
memory expansion
NANOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATONS
Nanotechnology
plays an important role in field of electronics, communication, biomedical and
photonics engineering, and make a great revolution in many aspects that deal
with communication technologies wired or wireless.
- Wireless technology
The
telecommunication fields will tremendously get changed into the brand new
Communication Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology will have a great effect in
operation of both cellular as well as core wired network and by addition of
advances in security and the better impact on the sensor workings combines with
ultrafast speeds makes the Nanotechnology the dominant than the previous
traditional technologies .
With
the advent of micro systems and Nano technology concepts in the mobile devices
will revolutionize the hand held devices viz cellular phones, computer systems,
communication devices that can create a brand new platform data transmission
and computing. Such Nano devices can be modified to achieve some capabilities
like self-empowering, sensible to the environment variations and smart
interaction with other electric or mechanical systems. The Cellular phones will
be enhanced with the carbon Nanotube which comes below the Nanotechnology . In
five generation of mobile systems, cell phones are referred as Nano devices as
they are equipped up with 700nm Nanotechnology fabricated circuit boards.
- Nano transistors (Nano MOSFETs)
Nano
materials have been developed along with the concept of Nanotechnology. These
materials area type of separate world at Nano meter range which have their own
physical, chemical properties, structures etc. one of the dominant Nanomaterial
is Carbon Nano Tube (CNT). It is a tube like structure, for example a straw
(hence the name), through which the electrons or molecules travel exactly as if
they are travelling through empty space which results in almost no resistance,
unlike in transmission lines, there is no or negligible probability of
collision between the charges or carriers.
It has been considered so due to its
extreme physical properties which are;
1)
Tensile strength: 100 times stronger than steel.
2)
Conductivity: almost behaves as a superconductor (ideal). Many times larger
than metals.
3)
Physical dimensions: thinner than a hair follicle.
4)
Resistance inside the CNT is only provided by air molecules.
5)
Very high amount of elasticity.
Transistor
(MOSFET or BJT or SCR) is a solid state device that has been made as the
backbone of all devices that we see around us. Transistors are used in many
applications to control the output of a system, amplification of a signal,
switching purposes etc. With the advent of the VLSI technology scientists could
fabricate hundreds of MOSFETs on a single 1 square inch silicon chip that
resulted in energy savings, less space occupier devices, easy fabrication and
installment etc. Now a day’s 600nm fabrication technology is used in latest
smart phone manufacture. More reduction in dimensions of solid state devices
will lead to short channel effects. Short channel devices are those which have
channel length (as in MOSFETs) smaller than the width of depletion region
(<<<1 micrometer) resulting in theoverlap of depletion regions between
the drain and source. As the depletion region between a PN junction is depleted
of majority charge carriers, therefore no formation of channel occurs between
drain and source for conduction of current known as drain current Id.
A
carbon Nano Tube is a material that behaves as a straw to allow passage of
charge carriers from one side to another without interference with material
surrounding it. Electrons within the tube remain isolated from external effects
and can travel at much greater speeds, as mentioned earlier. Substitution of
substrate formed channel inside the MOSFET with a CNT can greatly reduce the
short channel effects viz hot electrons, impact ionization, resistance due to
substrate on the operation of transistor, propagation delay and response time
of the device, also provide very high conductivity and electrical emission.
- Nano communication and networks
Communication
using electromagnetic waves of any frequency is the most basic strategy to
interconnect microelectronic devices and transfer information. These waves
propagate with some losses through transmission lines or over the air (OTA) .
To establish a bidirectional wireless Nano communication, a RF systems should
be integrated in the Nano machine to coordinate which requires a Nano scale
antenna system Nano DSP for reception of very high frequencies. As the height
of antenna must be proportional to the 4th part of the wavelength.
The communication between any of the Nano scale machines is defined by which is knows as Molecular communication where the transmission and reception of information is not through the EM waves but is encoded in Nano molecules or atoms. Molecular communication cannot interconnect bigger micro devices but only the Nanometer range systems to create a Nano network . Using a technique called as molecular encoding. This technique is similar to the encoding schemes of analog or digital systems where every signal is encoded (modulated) and correspondingly received and detected at the destination.
Nevertheless,
just like the encrypted packets in communication networks, in which only the
intended receiver is capable to read the information. Text, voice and video
signals are usually transmitted over old communication networks. In comparison
to Nano networks, since the message is an encoded molecule, the transmitted
information is more related to phenomena of chemical processes .
Quantum
computing
Newer
technology replaces old ones. In traditional computers used for calculation and
scientific purposes doesn’t meet the requirements of speed, processing
information and data sharing capabilities .
Replacing
current computers by more improved and quick preparing quantum computers
innovation, the most exceptional evolvement that will be in charge of adding
better features and means of processing and computing in an intelligent way. In
quantum computers, the binary rates in conventional computers are repeated by
quantum bitsor qubits, which can be of the state of digits that is, 0, 1(zeros
and ones) and superposition theory. The quantum computer can hold multiple
states simultaneously, it is supposed that it has the potential to perform a
millions of computation per second at the same time.
This
would make the computer much faster than ever any scientific computer or
workstation has been. The development of quantum computer is still under
continuous research. With the advent of these computers in future, the world
will have a newer generation of computational workstations that with have
extreme speeds, data sharing efficiency, smaller space occupiers and most
importantly energy consumption will be reduced to very large quantity.
- Nano photonics
After
decades of research it was found that the integration of electric signals with
light pulses is possible. The ability to use light instead of electronic
signals to transmit information within future computers and other hand held
devices is called and Nano photonics. On a chip based system the silicon board
is used to allow the integration of electronic and optical components
side-by-side on the silicon chip using 100nm technology, this breakthrough was
known as “Silicon Nano Photonics”.
Silicon
Nano photonics takes advantage of light pulses for communication and provides
an express highway for large volumes of data to move at rapidly very high
speeds between computer chips in servers, large datacenters, servers and
supercomputers, thus eliminating the limitations of congestion in large data
traffic, low channel capacity cables and OFCs and high-cost traditional
interconnect systems and networks . The huge load of data being created and
transmitted over and within an enterprise network continues to grow due to an
explosion and innovation of new applications and services by different
industries. Nano photonics can now enable different companies to store,
transmit and process bulk data, big data in real time within fractions of
microseconds without loss of information and considerably reducing the
propagation time. Solid state devices based on Nano photonics, it has been seen
to exceed the data rates of 25 GB per channel.
FUTURE
USING NANOTECH
Integrated
circuit chips based on Nanotech or ULSI will prove to be drastic development in
many fields such as Telecommunications, Bio Engineering, Medical Electronics,
environmental friendly and Robotics. These fields are the fundamental locale
that there is potential to offer business opportunities later on and will
provide better and economic benefits to people around world . In communication
and information exchange, with the use of the nanotechnology will recognize new
estimates of unbelievable ways to offer smart transmission mediums which can be
easy to formulate and maintain. In bio medical engineering, medicines, devices
and probes that are implanted within human body such as pace makers, defibrillators,
and heart stents to prolong human life and reduce the risk of heart failures
and damages, constantly maintaining the blood pressure, level of glucose in the
blood.
We could go further by implanting or injecting tiny sensors inside our
bodies to deeply and delicately analyze a patient without much hassle and
produce better and accurate test results. With nanotech, such foreign bodies
can be fabricated at Nano meter dimensions that a patient wouldn’t feel them
implanted . With revolutionized telecommunication systems, other aspects can be
achieved such as revolution in computing and networking industries. The new
generation innovation technologies may be in Nanomaterials with novel optical,
electrical, and magnetic properties, faster and smaller memory, and processors,
new science computers based on Quantum Computing for improved research of
scientific or geological, archaeological purposes, advanced microscopy to study
the surface of almost invisible objects that are in nanometer scale.
CONCLUSIONS
World
is getting smaller and smaller with every advancement in technology, with the
invention of high speed 4G video calling we can talk while watching our friends
and relatives , who is thousands of miles away, live on a device platform. Nanotechnology
has further reduced the size of the electronics world and is continuing to do
so. Wireless communication is rapidly increasing and quickly expanding that has
made millions of things possible which wired systems could never. The
fundamental drivers for the utilization of nanotechnology in wireless devices
and systems are superior, that bring down power utilization and minimize size
of communication components.
Nano
MOSFETs that has embedded CNT as channel can revolutionize the IC and switching
times and amplifying devices and greatly improve the characteristics of
traditional MOSFET. Resulting in the better quality of IC chip and the
computing systems, mobile devices, navigation systems etc. Communication using
molecules is integration physical world to interact with biological systems,
nanotechnology to enable nanoscale and micro scale interactions, and computer
science to process and control larger scale of information. Nanotechnology will
significantly change the way of communication, exchange of data, fabrication of
devices that are almost fully lossless. Ultra high speed processing of
information integrated with artificial intelligence for improved accuracy,
precision and durability of solid structures to withstand extreme pressure,
weight and temperature. This paper has presented a review and new applications
of nanotechnology in more sophisticated and deeply manner used communication,
electronics and biomedical engineering techniques in present and expected to be
used in a more intelligent way in future for betterment of world and people who
rely on scientists and technology.
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